diff --git a/M2/Macaulay2/packages/=distributed-packages b/M2/Macaulay2/packages/=distributed-packages index 1f89d2ebaa2..9f96961d7ea 100644 --- a/M2/Macaulay2/packages/=distributed-packages +++ b/M2/Macaulay2/packages/=distributed-packages @@ -250,6 +250,7 @@ OnlineLookup MergeTeX Probability Isomorphism +DirectSummands CodingTheory WhitneyStratifications JSON diff --git a/M2/Macaulay2/packages/DirectSummands.m2 b/M2/Macaulay2/packages/DirectSummands.m2 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..3ab4c5d01a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/M2/Macaulay2/packages/DirectSummands.m2 @@ -0,0 +1,668 @@ +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-- PURPOSE : to compute direct summands of modules and coherent sheaves +-- +-- UPDATE HISTORY : created Oct 2023 +-- +-- TODO : +-- 1. implement over Dmodules and other non-commutative rings +-- 2. implement diagonalize for matrices (and later, complexes) +-- 3. find a way to restrict and pass End to the summands +-- 4. make summands work over ZZ (currently rank fails) +-- 5. compute a general endomorphism without computing End +-- 6. speed up computing eigenvalues over ZZ/p and GF(q) +-- 7. once an indecomposable summand is found, call summands(N, M) +-- 8. add option to split over a field extension +-- 9. add Atlantic City, Las Vegas, or Monte Carlo style strategies? +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +newPackage( + "DirectSummands", + Version => "0.3", + Date => "April 20th 2025", + Headline => "decompositions of modules and coherent sheaves", + Authors => { + { Name => "Devlin Mallory", Email => "malloryd@math.utah.edu", HomePage => "https://math.utah.edu/~malloryd/"}, + { Name => "Mahrud Sayrafi", Email => "mahrud@umn.edu", HomePage => "https://math.umn.edu/~mahrud/"} + }, + Keywords => { "Commutative Algebra" }, + PackageImports => { + "Isomorphism", -- for isIsomorphic + "Polyhedra", -- for coneFromVData and coneComp + "PushForward", -- only for frobenius.m2 + "RationalPoints2", -- for rationalPoints in findIdempotents + "Truncations", -- for effGenerators + "LocalRings", -- for the local examples + "Varieties", -- for the geometric examples + }, + AuxiliaryFiles => true, + DebuggingMode => false + ) + +export { + -- methods + "isIndecomposable", + "directSummands", "summands" => "directSummands", + "findProjectors", + "findIdempotents", "findIdem" => "findIdempotents", + "findSplitInclusion", + "generalEndomorphism", + "isomorphismTally", + "tallySummands", + -- frobenius methods + "frobeniusMap", + "frobeniusRing", + "frobeniusPullback", + "frobeniusPushforward", + "frobeniusTwist", + "potentialExtension", + "extendGroundField" => "changeBaseField", + "changeBaseField" + -- symbols + } + +importFrom_Core { + "raw", "rawReshape", + "rawNumberOfColumns", + "rawNumberOfRows", + "tryHooks", + "sortBy", + } + +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-* Code section *- +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +-- defined here and used in idempotents.m2 and homogeneous.m2 +DirectSummandsOptions = new OptionTable from { + Limit => null, -- used in directSummands(Module, Module) + Strategy => 3, -- Strategy is a bitwise sum of the following: + -- 1 => use degrees of generators as heuristic to peel off line bundles first + -- 2 => check generators of End_0 as heuristic for finding idempotents + -- 4 => use splitComponentsBasic, skips computing splitting maps + -- 8 => precompute Homs before looking for idempotents + -- 16 => use summandsFromIdempotents even in graded case + "Splitting" => null, + Tries => null, -- see defaultNumTries below + Verbose => false -- whether to print extra debugging info +} + +-- the default number of attempts for randomized algorithms +-- e.g. 145 tries in char 2, 10 in char 32003, and 1 in char 0 +defaultNumTries = p -> ceiling(0.1 + 100 / log p) +--apply({2, 32003, 0}, defaultNumTries) + +-- helpers for computing Frobenius pushforwards of modules and sheaves +-- TODO: move to PushForward package? +load "./DirectSummands/pushforward2.m2" +load "./DirectSummands/frobenius.m2" +-- helpers for finding random idempotents of a module for the local case +load "./DirectSummands/idempotents.m2" +-- helpers for finding random projectors of a module for the graded case +load "./DirectSummands/homogeneous.m2" + +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-- Things to move to the Core +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +-- return the submatrix with given degrees of target and source +submatrixByDegrees(Matrix, Sequence) := (m, degs) -> ( + (tar, src) := degs; + col := if src =!= null then positions(degrees source m, deg -> member(deg, src)); + row := if tar =!= null then positions(degrees target m, deg -> member(deg, tar)); + submatrix(m, row, col)) + +-- rankWarn = true +-- rank' = M -> if groundField ring M =!= ZZ then rank M else try rank M else ( +-- if rankWarn then ( rankWarn = false; +-- printerr "warning: rank over integers is not well-defined; returning zero"); +-- 0) + +-- this defines sorting on modules and sheaves +CoherentSheaf ? CoherentSheaf := +Module ? Module := (M, N) -> if rank M != rank N then rank M ? rank N else degrees M ? degrees N + +position(ZZ, Function) := o -> (n, f) -> position(0..n-1, f) +-- TODO: this is different from position(List,List,Function) +position' = method() +position'(VisibleList, VisibleList, Function) := (B, C, f) -> for b in B do for c in C do if f(b, c) then return (b, c) +position'(ZZ, ZZ, Function) := (B, C, f) -> position'(0..B-1, 0..C-1, f) + +scan' = method() +scan'(VisibleList, VisibleList, Function) := (B, C, f) -> for b in B do for c in C do f(b,c) + +char SheafOfRings := O -> char variety O + +GF'ZZ'ZZ = memoize (lookup(GF, ZZ, ZZ)) (options GF) +GF'Ring = memoize (lookup(GF, Ring)) (options GF) +GF(ZZ, ZZ) := GaloisField => opts -> GF'ZZ'ZZ +GF(Ring) := GaloisField => opts -> GF'Ring + +-- TODO: what generality should this be in? +-- WANT: +-- R ** ZZ/101 to change characteristic +-- R ** S to change coefficient ring +-- TODO: can you change the ground field but keep the tower structure? +QuotientRing ** GaloisField := +PolynomialRing ** GaloisField := (R, L) -> R.cache#(map, L, R) ??= ( + -- TODO: in general we may want to keep part of the ring tower + A := first flattenRing(R, CoefficientRing => null); + quotient sub(ideal A, L monoid A)) + +changeBaseMap = method() +changeBaseMap(Ring, Ring) := (L, S) -> S.cache#(map, L, S) ??= map(quotient sub(ideal S, L monoid S), S) + +changeBaseField = method() +-- TODO: add more automated methods, e.g. where minors of the presentation factor +changeBaseField(ZZ, Module) := +changeBaseField(ZZ, CoherentSheaf) := (e, M) -> changeBaseField(GF(char ring M, e), M) +changeBaseField(GaloisField, Module) := (L, M) -> M.cache#(symbol changeBaseField, L) ??= ( + S := first flattenRing(ring M, + CoefficientRing => null); + K := coefficientRing S; + if class K =!= GaloisField then return ( + R0 := quotient sub(ideal S, L monoid S); + M' := directSum apply(cachedSummands M, + N -> coker sub(presentation N, R0)); + M.cache#(symbol changeBaseField, L) = M'); + -- don't needlessly create new rings: + if K.order === L.order then return M; + i0 := map(L, K); + LS := L(monoid S); + i1 := map(LS, ring ideal S, gens LS | { i0 K_0 }); + R := quotient i1 ideal S; + i := map(R, S, i1); + directSum apply(cachedSummands M, N -> i ** N)) + +changeBaseField(Ring, Module) := (L, M) -> M.cache#(symbol changeBaseField, L) ??= ( + S := first flattenRing(ring M, + CoefficientRing => null); + psi := changeBaseMap(L, S); + directSum apply(cachedSummands M, + N -> coker(psi ** presentation N))) + +changeBaseField(Ring, Matrix) := (L, f) -> f.cache#(symbol changeBaseField, L) ??= ( + S := first flattenRing(ring f, + CoefficientRing => null); + psi := changeBaseMap(L, S); + psi ** f) + +-- TODO: come up with a better way to extend ground field of a variety +-- TODO: does this also need to be used for frobenius pushforward? +sheaf' = (X, M) -> try sheaf(X, M) else ( + if instance(X, ProjectiveVariety) then sheaf(Proj ring M, M) else + if instance(X, AffineVariety) then sheaf(Spec ring M, M) else + error "extension of the coefficient field of the base variety is not implemented") + +changeBaseField(GaloisField, CoherentSheaf) := (L, F) -> sheaf'(variety F, changeBaseField(L, module F)) + +importFrom_Varieties "flattenModule" +prune' = method() +prune' Module := M0 -> M0.cache.prune' ??= ( + M := prune M0; + R := ring M; + if isHomogeneous M0 + or instance(R, LocalRing) then return M; + S := ambient R; + MS := flattenModule M; + Sm := localRing(S, ideal gens S); + MSm := prune(MS ** Sm); + R ** liftUp MSm) + +nonzero = x -> select(x, i -> i != 0) +nonnull = x -> select(x, i -> i =!= null) + +checkRecursionDepth = () -> if recursionDepth() > recursionLimit - 20 then printerr( + "Warning: the recursion depth limit may need to be extended; use `recursionLimit = N`") + +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-- things to move to Isomorphism package +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +module Module := identity + +-- TODO: speed this up +-- TODO: implement isIsomorphic for sheaves +-- TODO: add strict option +tallySummands = L -> tally ( + opts := Homogeneous => all(L, isHomogeneous); + L = new MutableList from module \ L; + b := new MutableList from #L : true; + for i to #L-2 do if b#i then for j from i+1 to #L-1 do if b#j then ( + if isIsomorphic(L#i, L#j, opts) + then ( b#j = false; L#j = L#i )); + new List from L) + +isomorphismTally = method() +isomorphismTally List := L -> ( + if not uniform L then error "expected list of elements of the same type"; + if not (class L_0 === Module or class L_0 === CoherentSheaf ) then error "expected list of modules or sheaves"; + opts := Homogeneous => all(L, isHomogeneous); + --L = new MutableList from L; + j := 0; + while j < #L list ( + i := j + 1; + c := 1; + while i < #L do ( + if isIsomorphic(L#j, L#i, opts) + then ( + L = drop(L, {i, i}); + c = c + 1) + else i = i + 1); + j = j + 1; + (L#(j-1), c))) + +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-- methods for finding general endomorphisms of degree zero +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +importFrom_Truncations { "effGenerators" } + +coneComp = (C, u, v) -> ( + --if u == v then symbol== else + if contains(C, matrix vector(v - u)) then symbol <= else + if contains(C, matrix vector(u - v)) then symbol > else incomparable) + +-- TODO: add this as a strategy to basis +smartBasis = (deg, M) -> ( + -- TODO: try splitting coker {{a, b^3}, {-b^3, a}} over ZZ/32003[a..b]/(a^2+b^6) + if M == 0 then return map(M, 0, 0); + if instance(deg, ZZ) then deg = {deg}; + degs := if #deg == 1 then select(unique degrees M, d -> d <= deg) else ( + -- FIXME: in the multigraded case sometimes just using basis is faster: + return basis(deg, M); + -- in the multigraded case, coneMin and coneComp can be slow + -- but for sufficiently large modules they are still an improvement + -- TODO: make them faster + C := coneFromVData effGenerators ring M; + --elapsedTime compMin(C, unique degrees M) -- TODO: this is not the right thing + select(unique degrees M, d -> coneComp(C, d, deg) == symbol <=)); + if degs === {deg} then return map(M, , submatrixByDegrees(gens cover M, (, degs))); + M' := subquotient(ambient M, + if M.?generators then submatrixByDegrees(gens M, (, degs)), + if M.?relations then relations M); + M'.cache.homomorphism = M.cache.homomorphism; + basis(deg, M')) -- caching this globally causes issues! + +-- matrix of (degree zero) generators of End M +-- TODO: rename this +-- also see gensHom0 +gensEnd0 = M -> M.cache#"End0" ??= ( + -- TODO: need to pass options from Hom + choose the coefficient field + zdeg := if isHomogeneous M then degree 0_M; + if 0 < debugLevel then stderr << " -- computing End module ... " << flush; + A := Hom(M, M, + DegreeLimit => zdeg, + MinimalGenerators => false); + if 0 < debugLevel then stderr << "done!" << endl; + if isHomogeneous M + then smartBasis(zdeg, A) + else inducedMap(A, , gens A)) + +-- give a random vector in a module over a local ring +localRandom = (M, opts) -> ( + R := ring M; + -- TODO: which coefficient ring do we want? + K := try coefficientRing R else R; + v := random(cover M ** K, module K, opts); + -- TODO: sub should be unnecessary, but see https://github.com/Macaulay2/M2/issues/3638 + vector inducedMap(M, , generators M * sub(v, R))) + +random(ZZ, Module) := +random(List, Module) := Vector => o -> (d, M) -> vector map(M, , random(cover M, (ring M)^{-d}, o)) +random Module := Vector => o -> M -> ( + if isHomogeneous M then random(degree 1_(ring M), M, o) else localRandom(M, o)) + +generalEndomorphism = method(Options => options random) +generalEndomorphism Module := Matrix => o -> M0 -> ( + R := ring M0; + -- TODO: avoid this hack for local rings + M := if instance(R, LocalRing) then liftUp M0 else M0; + B := gensEnd0 M; + r := if isHomogeneous M + then random(source B, o) + else localRandom(source B, o); + R ** homomorphism(B * r)) +-- the sheaf needs to be pruned to prevent missing endomorphisms +generalEndomorphism CoherentSheaf := SheafMap => o -> F -> ( + sheaf generalEndomorphism(module prune F, o)) + +-- overwrite two existing hooks, to be updated in Core +addHook((quotient, Matrix, Matrix), Strategy => Default, + -- Note: this strategy only works if the remainder is zero, i.e.: + -- homomorphism' f % image Hom(source f, g) == 0 + (opts, f, g) -> ( + opts = new OptionTable from { + DegreeLimit => opts.DegreeLimit, + MinimalGenerators => opts.MinimalGenerators }; + map(source g, source f, homomorphism(homomorphism'(f, opts) // Hom(source f, g, opts))))) + +addHook((quotient', Matrix, Matrix), Strategy => Default, + -- Note: this strategy only works if the remainder is zero, i.e.: + -- homomorphism' f % image Hom(g, target f) == 0 + (opts, f, g) -> ( + opts = new OptionTable from { + DegreeLimit => opts.DegreeLimit, + MinimalGenerators => opts.MinimalGenerators }; + map(target f, target g, homomorphism(homomorphism'(f, opts) // Hom(g, target f, opts))))) + +importFrom_Core {"Hooks", "HookPriority"} +Matrix.Hooks#(quotient, Matrix, Matrix).HookPriority = drop(Matrix.Hooks#(quotient, Matrix, Matrix).HookPriority, -1) +Matrix.Hooks#(quotient', Matrix, Matrix).HookPriority = drop(Matrix.Hooks#(quotient', Matrix, Matrix).HookPriority, -1) + +-- left inverse of a split injection +-- TODO: figure out if we can ever do this without computing End source g +leftInverse = inverse' = method(Options => options Hom) +leftInverse Matrix := opts -> g -> g.cache.leftInverse ??= quotient'(id_(source g), g, opts) + +-- right inverse of a split surjection +-- FIXME: inverse may fail for a general split surjection: +-- c.f. https://github.com/Macaulay2/M2/issues/3738 +-- TODO: figure out if we can ever do this without computing End target g +rightInverse = method(Options => options Hom) +rightInverse Matrix := opts -> g -> g.cache.rightInverse ??= quotient(id_(target g), g, opts) + +-- given N and a split injection inc:N -> M, +-- we use precomputed endomorphisms of M +-- to produce a general endomorphism of N +generalEndomorphism(Matrix, Nothing, Matrix) := Matrix => o -> (N, null, inc) -> ( + -- assert(N === source inc); + inv := leftInverse(inc, + DegreeLimit => degree 0_N, + -- FIXME: setting this to false sometimes + -- produces non-well-defined inverses + MinimalGenerators => true); + inc * generalEndomorphism(target inc, o) * inv) + +-- given N and a split surjection pr:M -> N, +-- we use precomputed endomorphisms of M +-- to produce a general endomorphism of N +generalEndomorphism(Module, Matrix) := Matrix => o -> (N, pr) -> ( + -- assert(N === target pr); + -- TODO: currently this still computes End_0(N) + -- figure out a way to compute the inverse without doing so + inv := rightInverse(pr, + DegreeLimit => degree 0_N, + -- FIXME: setting this to false sometimes + -- produces non-well-defined inverses + MinimalGenerators => true); + pr * generalEndomorphism(source pr, o) * inv) + +generalEndomorphism(Module, Matrix, Nothing) := Matrix => o -> (N, pr, null) -> generalEndomorphism(N, pr, o) +generalEndomorphism(Module, Matrix, Matrix) := Matrix => o -> (N, pr, inc) -> ( + -- assert(N === target pr and source pr === target inc and N === source inc); + pr * generalEndomorphism(source pr, o) * inc) + +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-- helpers for splitting and caching projection maps +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +findSplitInclusion = method(Options => { Tries => 50 }) +--tests if M is a split summand of N +findSplitInclusion(Module, Module) := opts -> (M, N) -> ( + h := for i to opts.Tries - 1 do ( + b := homomorphism random Hom(M, N, MinimalGenerators => false); + c := homomorphism random Hom(N, M, MinimalGenerators => false); + if isIsomorphism(c * b) then break b); + if h === null then return "not known" else return h) + +-- helper for splitting a free module and setting the split surjections +splitFreeModule = (M, opts) -> components directSum apply(R := ring M; -degrees M, deg -> R^{deg}) + +-- helper for splitting free summands by observing the degrees of generators +splitFreeSummands = (M, opts) -> M.cache#"FreeSummands" ??= ( + directSummands(R := ring M; apply(-unique degrees M, d -> R^{d}), M, opts)) + +-- helper for splitting a module with known components +-- (in particular, the components may also have summands) +-- TODO: can we sort the summands here? +splitComponents = (M, comps, splitfunc) -> ( + n := #comps; + c := -1; -- summand counter + projs := if 1 < n then apply(n, i -> try M^[i]) else { id_M }; + flatten apply(comps, projs, (N, p) -> ( + L := splitfunc N; + -- Projection maps to the summands + try if #L > 1 then apply(#L, i -> + M.cache#(symbol ^, [c += 1]) = N^[i] * p) + else M.cache#(symbol ^, [c += 1]) = p; + -- Inclusion maps are computed on-demand + L))) + +splitComponentsBasic = (M, ends, opts) -> ( + -- the coker of each idempotent gives a summand, while + L1 := prune' \ apply(ends, coker); + -- the image of their composition is the complement. + L2 := prune' \ { image product ends }; + -- TODO: call something like summands(L, M) here? + flatten apply(nonzero join(L1, L2), summands_opts)) + +-- these are computed on-demand from the cached split surjection +oldinclusions = lookup(symbol_, Module, Array) +Module _ Array := Matrix => (M, w) -> M.cache#(symbol _, w) ??= ( + if not M.cache#?(symbol ^, w) then oldinclusions(M, w) + else rightInverse(M.cache#(symbol ^, w), + DegreeLimit => degree 0_M, + MinimalGenerators => true)) + +-- TODO: can we return cached summands from the closest subfield? +cachedSummands = M -> M.cache.summands ?? components M + +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-- directSummands +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +-- Note: M may need to be extended to a field extensions +directSummands = method(Options => DirectSummandsOptions) +directSummands Module := List => opts -> M -> M.cache.summands ??= ( + checkRecursionDepth(); + strategy := opts.Strategy; + R := ring M; + if prune' M == 0 then return { M }; + -- Note: End does not work for WeylAlgebras or AssociativeAlgebras yet, nor does basis + if not isCommutative R and not isWeylAlgebra R then error "expected a commutative base ring"; + -- Note: rank does weird stuff if R is not a domain + if opts.Verbose then printerr("splitting module of rank: ", toString rank M); + if rank cover M <= 1 then return M.cache.summands = { M.cache.isIndecomposable = true; M }; + if isDirectSum M then return M.cache.summands = splitComponents(M, components M, directSummands_opts); + if isFreeModule M then return M.cache.summands = splitFreeModule(M, opts); + if strategy & 1 == 1 then return M.cache.summands = ( + splitComponents(M, splitFreeSummands(M, opts), + directSummands_(opts, Strategy => strategy - 1))); + -- TODO: where should indecomposability check happen? + -- for now it's here, but once we figure out random endomorphisms + -- without computing Hom, this would need to move. + -- Note: this may return null if it is inconclusive + if strategy & 2 == 2 and isIndecomposable M === true then { M } else + if strategy & 16 != 16 and isHomogeneous M + then summandsFromProjectors(M, opts) -- see DirectSummands/homogeneous.m2 + else summandsFromIdempotents(M, opts)) -- see DirectSummands/idempotents.m2 + +directSummands CoherentSheaf := List => opts -> F -> apply( + directSummands(module prune F, opts), N -> sheaf(variety F, N)) + +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +-- tests whether L (perhaps a line bundle) is a summand of M +-- Limit => N _recommends_ stopping after peeling N summands of L +-- FIXME: it's not guaranteed to work, e.g. on X_4 over ZZ/2 +-- TODO: cache projection/inclusion maps +-- TODO: cache this +directSummands(Module, Module) := List => opts -> (L, M) -> ( + checkRecursionDepth(); + if ring L =!= ring M then error "expected objects over the same ring"; + if rank L > rank M + or rank L >= rank M and isFreeModule M then return {M}; + limit := opts.Limit ?? numgens M; + tries := opts.Tries ?? defaultNumTries char ring M; + if 1 < #cachedSummands M then return flatten apply(cachedSummands M, N -> directSummands(L, N, opts)); + if 1 < limit then ( + N := M; + M.cache#(symbol ^, [0]) = id_M; + if opts.Verbose then stderr << " -- splitting summands of degree " << degrees L << ": " << flush; + comps := new MutableList from {M}; + for i to limit - 1 do ( + pr := M.cache#(symbol ^, [#comps-1]); + LL := directSummands(L, N, opts, Limit => 1); + if #LL == 1 then break; + M.cache#(symbol ^, [#comps]) = N^[1] * pr; + M.cache#(symbol ^, [#comps-1]) = N^[0] * pr; + comps#(#comps-1) = L; -- === LL#0 + comps##comps = N = LL#1); + if opts.Verbose then stderr << endl << flush; + return toList comps + ); + zdeg := degree 0_M; + -- TODO: can we detect multiple summands of L at once? + -- perhaps find a projector onto a summand with several copies? + gensHom0 := (N, M) -> ( + H := Hom(N, M, + DegreeLimit => zdeg, + MinimalGenerators => false); + smartBasis(zdeg, H)); + h := catch if isFreeModule L then ( + -- TODO: for the case of line bundle summands, + -- is it faster if we compute all of Hom and check + -- for line bundles of any degree all at once? + C := gensHom0(M, L); if numcols C == 0 then return {M}; + -- Previous alternative: + -- h := for i from 0 to numcols C - 1 do ( + -- isSurjective(c := homomorphism C_{i}) ...) + for i to tries - 1 do ( + c := homomorphism(C * random source C); + if isSurjective c then throw (c, rightInverse c))) + else ( + -- we look for a composition L -> M -> L which is the identity + B := gensHom0(L, M); if numcols B == 0 then return {M}; + C = gensHom0(M, L); if numcols C == 0 then return {M}; + -- attempt to find a random isomorphism + for i to tries - 1 do ( + b := homomorphism(B * random source B); + c := homomorphism(C * random source C); + --TODO: change isIsomorphism to isSurjective? + if isIsomorphism(c * b) then throw (c, b)); + -- TODO: is it worth doing the following lines? when does the random strategy above fail? + printerr "summands got to this part, it's probably useful!"; + if opts.Strategy & 8 == 8 then ( + -- precomputing the Homs can sometimes be a good strategy + -- TODO: confirm that this injectivity check is worthwhile and not slow + Bhoms := select(apply(numcols B, i -> homomorphism B_{i}), isInjective); + Choms := select(apply(numcols C, i -> homomorphism C_{i}), isSurjective); + scan'(Choms, Bhoms, (c, b) -> if isIsomorphism(c * b) then throw (c, b))) + -- but sometimes too memory intensive + else scan'(numcols C, numcols B, (ci, bi) -> + if isSurjective(c := homomorphism C_{ci}) + and isInjective(b := homomorphism B_{bi}) + and isIsomorphism(c * b) then throw (c, b)) + ); + (pr, inc) := if h =!= null then h else return {M}; + if opts.Verbose then stderr << concatenate(rank L : ".") << flush; + N = prune' coker inc; + iso := inverse N.cache.pruningMap; + M.cache#(symbol ^, [0]) = pr; + M.cache#(symbol ^, [1]) = iso * inducedMap(coker inc, M); + {L, N}) + +directSummands(CoherentSheaf, CoherentSheaf) := List => opts -> (L, G) -> apply( + directSummands(module prune L, module prune G, opts), N -> sheaf(variety L, N)) + +-- attempt to peel off summands from a given list of modules +directSummands(List, CoherentSheaf) := +directSummands(List, Module) := List => opts -> (Ls, M) -> sort ( + if 1 < #cachedSummands M then flatten apply(cachedSummands M, N -> directSummands(Ls, N, opts)) + else fold(Ls, {M}, (L, LL) -> splitComponents(M, LL, directSummands_(opts, L)))) + +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-- isIndecomposable +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +-- returns false if an easy decomposition can be found +-- (but does _not_ run the full directSummands algorithm) +-- returns true if the module is certifiably indecomposable +-- returns null for non-conclusive results +isIndecomposable = method(Options => { Strategy => null, Verbose => false }) +isIndecomposable CoherentSheaf := o -> F -> isIndecomposable(module prune F, o) +isIndecomposable Module := o -> M -> M.cache.isIndecomposable ??= tryHooks( + (isIndecomposable, Module), (o, M), (o, M) -> ( + if 1 < debugLevel then printerr("isIndecomposable was inconclusive. ", + "Try extending the field or pruning the sheaf."))) + +-- this strategy checks if: +-- * M has only one degree zero endomorphism, namely identity, or +-- * all degree zero endomorphisms of M are zero mod maximal ideal +-- if a non-identity idempotent is found, it is cached in M +addHook((isIndecomposable, Module), Strategy => "IdempotentSearch", (opts, M) -> ( + (idemp, certified) := findBasicIdempotents(M, opts); + if #idemp > 0 then ( if opts.Verbose then printerr "module is decomposable!"; false ) else + if certified then ( if opts.Verbose then printerr "module is indecomposable!"; true ) + )) + +-- TODO +--addHook((isIndecomposable, Module), Strategy => TorsionFree, (opts, M) -> ( +-- if isTorsionFree M and isDomain M +-- and degree M // degree R <= 1 then return true)) + +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-* Development section *- +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +--directSummands Matrix := List => opts -> f -> apply(directSummands(coker f, opts), presentation) +-* TODO: not done yet +diagonalize = M -> ( + m := presentation M; + elapsedTime A := End M; -- most time consuming step + elapsedTime B := basis(degree 1_(ring M), A); + h = generalEndomorphism M; + N0 = image homomorphism B_{idem}; + N = prune N0; + psi = inverse N.cache.pruningMap; -- map N0 --> N + phi = map(N0, M, homomorphism B_{idem}); -- map M --> N0 + f = psi * phi; -- map M --> N + h' = f * h * inverse f; + source h' == N; + target h' == N; + h' + ) +*- + +--directSummands Complex := List => opts -> C -> () -- TODO: should be functorial + +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-* Test section *- +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +load "./DirectSummands/tests.m2" + +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-* Documentation section *- +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +beginDocumentation() + +load "./DirectSummands/docs.m2" + +end-- + +restart +check needsPackage "DirectSummands" + +uninstallPackage "DirectSummands" +restart +viewHelp installPackage "DirectSummands" +viewHelp directSummands +viewHelp + +end-- +restart +debug needsPackage "DirectSummands" + + +R = kk[x,y,z]; +n = 1000 +d = {100} +elapsedTime smartBasis(0, Hom(R^n, R^d)); +elapsedTime smartBasis(0, Hom(R^n, R^d, DegreeLimit => 0)); + + +-------- +-- summand of 4th syzygy of residue field of ring defined by +-- ideal(y*z,x*z,y^3,x*y^2+z^3,x^2*y,x^3) is indecomposable, +-- but the current method doesn't really show that definitively diff --git a/M2/Macaulay2/packages/DirectSummands/bench.m2 b/M2/Macaulay2/packages/DirectSummands/bench.m2 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..63596081191 --- /dev/null +++ b/M2/Macaulay2/packages/DirectSummands/bench.m2 @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +restart +debug needsPackage "DirectSummands" +debugLevel = 1 +errorDepth = 2 + +kk = ZZ/5 +R = quotient Grassmannian(1,3, CoefficientRing => kk) +X = Proj R +elapsedTime M = module frobeniusPushforward(1, OO_X); -- <1s in char 2 & 3 +rank M +elapsedTime L = summands(M, Verbose => true); +tally apply(summands M, N -> (rank N, degrees N)) + +N = last M.cache#"FreeSummands"; +elapsedTime projs = findProjectors N; +elapsedTime L0 = flatten(summands \ prune \ coker \ projs); +elapsedTime L = summands(keys tallySummands L0, N, Verbose => true); +M.cache.summands = drop(M.cache#"FreeSummands", -1) | L; + +-* Timing results: +----------------------------------- + q | F_* | Tot | End | misc +----------------------------------- + 2 | <1s | <1s | <1s | noether + 4 | ~6s | 33m | 8m | Fields + 3 | <1s | 10s | <1s | noether + 5 | 43s | ~3h | ~3h | noether (once End is computed, pretty fast with some manual work) + 7 | | | | + 9 | | | | +----------------------------------- +field q rk free summands non-free summands +----------------------------------- +ZZ/2 2^1 16 1:0 14:1 1:2 +ZZ/2 2^2 256 1:0 99:1 99:2 1:3 28:rk 2 bundles +ZZ/3 3^1 81 1:0 44:1 20:2 8: rk 2 bundles +ZZ/3 3^2 +ZZ/5 5^1 625 1:0 190:1 300:2 6:3 64:rk 2 bundles +ZZ/7 7^1 +*- + + +kk = ZZ/2 +R = quotient Grassmannian(2,5, CoefficientRing => kk) +X = Proj R +elapsedTime M = module frobeniusPushforward(1, OO_X); -- ~20min in char 2 +rank M +elapsedTime L = summands(M, Verbose => true); +tally apply(L, N -> (rank N, degrees N)) + +-* Timing results: +----------------------------------- + q | F_* | Tot | End | misc +----------------------------------- + 2 | 20m | | | Fields +----------------------------------- +field q rk free summands non-free summands +----------------------------------- +ZZ/2 2^1 512 (312) (200) +*- diff --git a/M2/Macaulay2/packages/DirectSummands/docs.m2 b/M2/Macaulay2/packages/DirectSummands/docs.m2 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..0ced42fb882 --- /dev/null +++ b/M2/Macaulay2/packages/DirectSummands/docs.m2 @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +-- TODO: +-- [x] example that is indecomposable +-- [ ] example that decomposes after field extension +-- [ ] example over ZZ, ZZ[i]/(i^2+1), QQ, QQ[i]/(i^2+1), GF, RR, CC? +-- [ ] graded example +-- [ ] local example +-- [ ] example of passing hints of summands +-- [ ] example of isIndecomposable + +doc /// +Node + Key + DirectSummands + Headline + decompositions of graded modules and coherent sheaves + Description + Text + As an example, we prove the indecomposability of the @wikipedia "Horrocks–Mumford bundle"@ on $\PP^4$. + Example + needsPackage "BGG" + S = ZZ/32003[x_0..x_4]; + E = ZZ/32003[e_0..e_4, SkewCommutative => true]; + alphad = map(E^5, E^{-2,-2}, transpose matrix{ + { e_1*e_4, -e_0*e_2, -e_1*e_3, -e_2*e_4, e_0*e_3}, + {-e_2*e_3, -e_3*e_4, e_0*e_4, -e_0*e_1, -e_1*e_2}}); + alpha = syz alphad; + alphad = beilinson(alphad, S); + alpha = beilinson(alpha, S); + FHM = prune homology(alphad, alpha) + assert(2 == rank FHM) + -- initially ~30s for End(FHM), ~110s for basis; ~35s in ZZ/2; now down to ~1s total! + assert({FHM} == summands FHM) + assert FHM.cache.isIndecomposable + Acknowledgement + The authors thank the organizers of the @HREF{"https://aimath.org/pastworkshops/macaulay2efie.html", + "Macaulay2 workshop at AIM"}@, where significant progress on this package was made. + Subnodes + directSummands + +Node + Key + directSummands + (directSummands, Module) + (directSummands, CoherentSheaf) + Headline + computes the direct summands of a graded module or coherent sheaf + Usage + summands M + Inputs + M:{Module,CoherentSheaf} + Outputs + :List + containing modules or coherent sheaves which are direct summands of $M$ + Description + Text + This function attempts to find the indecomposable summands of a module or coherent sheaf $M$. + Example + S = QQ[x,y] + M = coker matrix{{x,y},{x,x}} + L = summands M + assert isIsomorphic(M, directSum L) + SeeAlso + findIdempotents +/// + +-- Template: +/// +Node + Key + Headline + Usage + Inputs + Outputs + Consequences + Item + Description + Text + Example + CannedExample + Code + Pre + ExampleFiles + Contributors + References + Caveat + SeeAlso +-- Tree +-- CannedExample +-- Contributors +-- References +-- Caveat +-- SeeAlso +/// diff --git a/M2/Macaulay2/packages/DirectSummands/frobenius.m2 b/M2/Macaulay2/packages/DirectSummands/frobenius.m2 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..008f0cb714e --- /dev/null +++ b/M2/Macaulay2/packages/DirectSummands/frobenius.m2 @@ -0,0 +1,213 @@ +--needsPackage "PushForward" +--needsPackage "Polyhedra" -- for lattice points +--needsPackage "Complexes" + +myPushForward = (f, M) -> ( + directSum apply(cachedSummands M, + N -> pushFwd(f, N)) + -- doesn't work for matrices: + -- pushForward(f, M) + -- pushForward(f, M, UseHilbertFunction => false) + ) + +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-* Frobenius pushforwards *- +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +protect FrobeniusRing +protect FrobeniusFormation +frobeniusRing = method(TypicalValue => Ring) +frobeniusRing(ZZ, Ring) := (e, R) -> ( + if not R.?cache then R.cache = new CacheTable; + (Rp0, e0) := if R.cache.?FrobeniusFormation then R.cache.FrobeniusFormation else (R, 0); + if Rp0.cache#?(symbol FrobeniusRing, e0 + e) then Rp0.cache#(symbol FrobeniusRing, e0 + e) + else Rp0.cache#(symbol FrobeniusRing, e0 + e) = ( + Rpe := newRing(Rp0, Degrees => (char Rp0)^(e0 + e) * degrees Rp0); + Rpe.cache = new CacheTable; + Rpe.cache.FrobeniusFormation = (Rp0, e0 + e); + Rpe) + ) + +-- FIXMEEE: +quotient Ideal := QuotientRing => opts -> (cacheValue symbol quotient) (I -> (ring I) / I) +--ideal Ring := (cacheValue symbol ideal) (R -> ideal map(R^1, R^0, 0)) + +-- FIXME: this might forget some information +RingMap ** Module := Module => (f, M) -> directSum apply(cachedSummands M, N -> tensor(f, N)) + +-- TODO: should also work if S is a finite field +-- defined as a QuotientRing rather than GaloisField +frobeniusTwistMap = (e, S) -> ( + k := coefficientRing S; + if char S == 0 or k_0 == 1 then return map(S, S); + a := k_0; + p := char k; + map(S, S, gens S | {a^(p^e)})) + +/// -- TODO: add as test: + R = QQ[x,y] -- or ZZ/p + assert(R === frobeniusTwist(1, R)) +/// + +protect FrobeniusTwist +frobeniusTwist = method() +frobeniusTwist(ZZ, Ring) := Ring => (e, S) -> ( + k := coefficientRing S; + if char S == 0 or k_0 == 1 then return S; + if not S.?cache then S.cache = new CacheTable; + -- FIMXE: towers of pushforwards + S.cache#(symbol FrobeniusTwist, e) ??= ( + F := frobeniusTwistMap(e, ring ideal S); + quotient F ideal S)) +frobeniusTwist(ZZ, Ideal) := Ideal => (e, I) -> frobeniusTwist(e, module I) +frobeniusTwist(ZZ, Module) := Module => (e, M) -> ( + S := ring M; + R := frobeniusTwist(e, S); + F := frobeniusTwistMap(e, S); + -- TODO: is this correct? + F ** M ** R) +frobeniusTwist(ZZ, Matrix) := Matrix => (e, f) -> ( + map(frobeniusTwist(e, target f), frobeniusTwist(e, source f), + frobeniusTwistMap(e, ring f) ** f)) + +--TODO: maybe export "frobeniusMap" +frobeniusMap = method(TypicalValue => RingMap) +frobeniusMap(Ring, ZZ) := (R, e) -> frobeniusMap(e, R) +frobeniusMap(ZZ, Ring) := (e, R) -> ( + map(Re := frobeniusTwist(e, R), frobeniusRing(e, R), + apply(gens Re, g -> g^((char R)^e)))) + +decomposeFrobeniusPresentation = (e, f) -> decomposePushforwardPresentation((char ring f)^e, f) + +protect FrobeniusPushforward +frobeniusPushforward = method() +--frobeniusPushforward(Thing, ZZ) := (T, e) -> frobeniusPushforward(e, T) +frobeniusPushforward(ZZ, Ring) := (e, R) -> frobeniusPushforward(e, module R) +frobeniusPushforward(ZZ, Ideal) := (e, I) -> frobeniusPushforward(e, quotient I) +-- TODO: cache in a way that the second pushforward is the same as applying pushforward twice +frobeniusPushforward(ZZ, Module) := (e, M) -> M.cache#(FrobeniusPushforward, e) ??= ( + f := presentation myPushForward( + frobeniusMap(e, ring M), + frobeniusTwist(e, M)); + if not isHomogeneous f then coker f + else directSum apply(decomposeFrobeniusPresentation(e, f), coker)) + +frobeniusPushforward(ZZ, Matrix) := (e, f) -> f.cache#(FrobeniusPushforward, e) ??= ( + g := myPushForward( + frobeniusMap(e, ring f), + frobeniusTwist(e, f)); + if not isHomogeneous g then g + else directSum decomposeFrobeniusPresentation(e, g)) + +frobeniusPushforward(ZZ, SheafMap) := (e, f) -> f.cache#(FrobeniusPushforward, e) ??= ( + --if not(isFreeModule module source f and isFreeModule module target f) then error "expected a map between free modules"; + g := myPushForward( + frobeniusMap(e, ring matrix f), + frobeniusTwist(e, matrix f)); + if not isHomogeneous g then g + else Fg := first decomposeFrobeniusPresentation(e, g); + R := ring matrix f; + p := char R; + targetPres := presentation target Fg; + (tPrestardegs, tPressrcdegs) := toSequence(-degrees targetPres // p^e); + Fgtarget := sheaf coker map(R^tPrestardegs, R^tPressrcdegs, sub(targetPres, R)); + sourcePres := presentation source Fg; + (sPrestardegs, sPressrcdegs) := toSequence(-degrees sourcePres // p^e); + Fgsource := sheaf coker map(R^sPrestardegs, R^sPressrcdegs, sub(sourcePres, R)); + sheaf map(module Fgtarget, module Fgsource, sub(cover Fg, R))) + +--frobeniusPushforward(ZZ, Complex) := (e, C) -> () -- TODO + +frobeniusPushforward(ZZ, SheafOfRings) := (e, O) -> ( + X := variety O; + X.cache.FrobeniusPushforward ??= new MutableHashTable; + X.cache.FrobeniusPushforward#e ??= frobeniusPushforward(e, O^1)) +frobeniusPushforward(ZZ, CoherentSheaf) := (e, N) -> N.cache#(FrobeniusPushforward, e) ??= if e == 1 then ( + R := ring variety N; + p := char R; + FN := first components frobeniusPushforward(e, module N); + -- slow alternative: + -- FN = myPushForward(frobeniusMap(e, R), module N); + -- prune sheaf image basis(p^e * (max degrees FN // p^e), FN) + Fmatrix := sub(presentation FN, R); + (tardegs, srcdegs) := toSequence(-degrees Fmatrix // p^e); + -- TODO: how long does this take? is it worth caching? + sheaf prune coker map(R^tardegs, R^srcdegs, Fmatrix)) else ( + frobeniusPushforward(1, frobeniusPushforward(e-1, N))) + +protect FrobeniusPullback +frobeniusPullback = method() +--frobeniusPullback(Thing, ZZ) := (T, e) -> frobeniusPullback(e, T) +frobeniusPullback(ZZ, Module) := (e, M) -> M.cache#(FrobeniusPullback, e) ??= ( + R := ring M; + p := char R; + F := frobeniusMap(R, e); + R0 := source F; + A := presentation M; + A0 := sub(A, R0); + coker(F ** map(R0^(-(p^e) * degrees target A0), , A0))) +frobeniusPullback(ZZ, CoherentSheaf) := (e, F) -> sheaf frobeniusPullback(e, module F) + +end-- +restart +needsPackage "DirectSummands" +needsPackage "NormalToricVarieties" + +-- Two cubics on P^2_(ZZ/2) +X = toricProjectiveSpace(2, CoefficientRing => ZZ/2) +S = ring X +I = ideal(x_0^3+x_1^3+x_2^3) +J = ideal(x_0^3+x_0^2*x_1+x_1^3+x_0*x_1*x_2+x_2^3) + +R = quotient I +assert(rank \ summands frobeniusPushforward(1, OO_(Proj R)) == {2}) +assert(rank \ summands frobeniusPushforward(1, R) == {2,2}) +--M = coker frobeniusPushforward(char S, I) -- TODO: consolidate with toric version + +R = quotient J +assert(rank \ summands frobeniusPushforward(1, OO_(Proj R)) == {1,1}) +assert(rank \ summands frobeniusPushforward(1, R) == {1, 1, 2}) -- FIXME: this is not correct +--M = coker frobeniusPushforward(char S, J) -- TODO: consolidate with toric version + +-- +R = quotient I +M = frobeniusPushforward(1, R); +N1 = frobeniusPushforward(2, R) +N2 = frobeniusPushforward(1, M) +assert(N1 == N2) -- FIXME: why is this different? +N2' = prune coker frobeniusPushforward(1, presentation M) +assert(N2 == N2') + + +-- +S=(ZZ/2)[x_0..x_2,y_0..y_2,Degrees=>{{1,0},{1,0},{1,0},{0,1},{0,1},{0,1}}]; +J=ideal(x_0*y_0+x_1*y_1+x_2*y_2); +B=S/J; +Y=Proj B; + frobeniusPushforward(B,1) +--why is this giving 0? (if the degrees are standard it doesn't) +--this is now fixed with the new code for decomposeFrobeniusPresentation -DM + + +--- +restart +needs "frobenius.m2" +debug PushForward +S=(ZZ/2)[x_0,x_1,x_2,y_0,y_1,y_2,Degrees=>{{1,0},{1,0},{1,0},{0,1},{0,1},{0,1}}] +S0=(ZZ/2)[x_0,x_1,x_2]**(ZZ/2)[y_0,y_1,y_2]; +S0=tensor((ZZ/2)[x_0,x_1,x_2], (ZZ/2)[y_0,y_1,y_2], DegreeMap => null) +e=1 +errorDepth=1 +target presentation myPushForward(frobeniusMap(e, ring S^1), frobeniusTwist(e, S^1)) +target presentation myPushForward(frobeniusMap(e, ring S0^1), frobeniusTwist(e, S0^1)) + +g' = g +peek g + +degrees (pushAuxHgs g')_0 +degrees (pushAuxHgs g'')_0 +--why are the degrees right for S but not S0? + +RB = RA = S0 +tensor(RB, RA, Join => false) +tensor(RB, RA, Join => true) diff --git a/M2/Macaulay2/packages/DirectSummands/homogeneous.m2 b/M2/Macaulay2/packages/DirectSummands/homogeneous.m2 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..5b2ded09b4c --- /dev/null +++ b/M2/Macaulay2/packages/DirectSummands/homogeneous.m2 @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ +needsPackage "RationalPoints2" + +findProjectors = method(Options => DirectSummandsOptions) +findProjectors Module := opts -> M -> ( + R := ring M; + p := char R; + F := groundField R; + K := quotient ideal gens R; + n := numgens M; + L := null; + -- this is used in generalEndomorphism + -- to avoid recomputing the Hom module + (pr, inc) := opts#"Splitting" ?? (id_M, id_M); + -- TODO: sort the degrees to make finding eigenvalues faster? + -- degs := unique sort degrees M; + tries := opts.Tries ?? defaultNumTries p; + for c to tries - 1 do ( + f := generalEndomorphism(M, pr, inc); -- about 20% of computation + if f == 0 then continue; + -- eigenvalues of f are necessarily over the field, + -- and we can prove that f can be diagonalized over R + -- (i.e. without passing to frac R), hence we can + -- compute the eigenvalues by going to the field + f0 := sub(K ** cover f, F); + -- finding eigenvalues would be faster if the matrix + -- was put in Jordan form first, but this is easier... + -- TODO: computing eigenvalues over coefficient field + -- would significantly speed up this step + eigen := eigenvalues'' f0; -- about 25% of computation + projs := select(for y in eigen list (f - y * id_M)^n, + g -> not zero g and not isInjective g); + if #projs < 1 then ( + -- to be used as a suggestion in the error + -- TODO: is there any way to tell if the module is indecomposable here? + -- e.g. based on the characteristic polynomial factoring completely + -- but having a single root only? (= End_0(M) has only one generator?) + -- TODO: expand for inexact fields + if L === null and not instance(F, InexactField) then L = extField { char f0 }; + continue); + return projs + ); + -- TODO: skip the "Try using" line if the field is large enough, e.g. L === K + -- TODO: if L is still null, change the error + error("no idempotent found after ", tries, " attempts. ", + "Try using changeBaseField with ", toString L)) + +-- TODO: can this be useful? +findBasicProjectors = M -> ( + R := ring M; + F := groundField R; + K := quotient ideal gens R; + n := numgens M; + B := gensEnd0 M; + for c to numcols B - 1 do ( + f := homomorphism B_{c}; + if f == id_M then return; + f0 := sub(K ** cover f, F); + eigen := eigenvalues' f0; + if #eigen > 1 then return for y in eigen list (f - y * id_M)^n); + {}) + +-- this algorithm does not depend on finding idempotents, +-- hence it is distinct from the Meat-Axe algorithm. +summandsFromProjectors = method(Options => options findProjectors) +summandsFromProjectors Module := opts -> M -> ( + if not isHomogeneous M then error "expected homogeneous module"; + if opts.Verbose then printerr "splitting summands using projectors"; + if rank cover M <= 1 or prune' M == 0 then return {M}; + -- TODO: if M.cache.Idempotents is nonempty, should we use it here? + -- maps M -> M whose (co)kernel is a (usually indecomposable) summand + projs := try findProjectors(M, opts) else return {M}; + summandsFromProjectors(M, projs, opts)) + +-- keep close to summandsFromIdempotents +-- this algorithm is more efficient as it has a significant +-- chance of splitting the module in a single iteration. +summandsFromProjectors(Module, Matrix) := opts -> (M, pr) -> summandsFromProjectors(M, {pr}, opts) +summandsFromProjectors(Module, List) := opts -> (M, ends) -> ( + checkRecursionDepth(); + -- in some examples, we use barebones splitComponentsBasic + if opts.Strategy & 4 == 4 or not isHomogeneous M + then return splitComponentsBasic(M, ends, opts); + -- maps from kernel summands and to cokernel summands + injs := apply(ends, h -> inducedMap(M, ker h)); + projs := apply(ends, h -> inducedMap(coker h, M)); + -- composition of all endomorphisms is the complement + comp := product ends; + injs = append(injs, inducedMap(M, image comp)); + projs = append(projs, inducedMap(image comp, M, comp)); + -- assert(0 == intersect apply(ends, ker)); + -- assert(0 == intersect apply(injs, image)); + -- assert isIsomorphic(M, directSum apply(projs, target)); + -- this is the splitting (surjection, inclusion) of M to a module + -- whose degree zero endomorphisms have already been computed. + (pr0, inc0) := opts#"Splitting" ?? (id_M, id_M); + if opts.Verbose then printerr("splitting summands of ranks ", + toString apply(injs, i -> rank source i)); + c := -1; -- component counter + comps := for n to #ends list ( + (pr, inc) := (projs#n, injs#n); + (N0, K0) := (target pr, source inc); + if (N := prune' N0) == 0 then continue; + -- TODO: can we check if M has multiple copies of N quickly? + iso := try isomorphism(K0, N0); + p := inverse N.cache.pruningMap * pr; + i := try inc * iso * N.cache.pruningMap; + M.cache#(symbol ^, [c += 1]) = p; -- temporary + N.cache.components = summandsFromProjectors(N, + opts, "Splitting" => (p * pr0, try inc0 * i)); + N); + --M.cache.Idempotents = apply(c, i -> M.cache#(symbol ^, [i])); + -- Finally, call a helper to add splitting maps + splitComponents(M, comps, components)) diff --git a/M2/Macaulay2/packages/DirectSummands/idempotents.m2 b/M2/Macaulay2/packages/DirectSummands/idempotents.m2 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..c96e34bba2c --- /dev/null +++ b/M2/Macaulay2/packages/DirectSummands/idempotents.m2 @@ -0,0 +1,275 @@ +--needsPackage "RationalPoints2" + +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-- helpers that should probably move to Core +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +-- same as flatten(Matrix), but doesn't bother homogenizing the result +--flatten' = m -> map(R := ring m, rawReshape(m = raw m, raw R^1, raw R^(rawNumberOfColumns m * rawNumberOfRows m))) + +leadCoefficient Number := x -> x +leadMonomial Number := x -> 0 + +-- not strictly speaking the "lead" coefficient, but the first nonzero coefficient +leadCoefficient Matrix := RingElement => m -> if zero m then 0 else ( + for c to numcols m - 1 do for r to numrows m - 1 do ( + if not zero m_(r,c) then return leadCoefficient m_(r,c))) + +-- not strictly speaking the "lead" monomial, but the first nonzero monomial +leadMonomial Matrix := RingElement => m -> if zero m then 0 else ( + for c to numcols m - 1 do for r to numrows m - 1 do ( + if not zero m_(r,c) then return leadMonomial m_(r,c))) + +-- used to be called reduceScalar +reduceCoefficient = m -> if zero m then m else ( + map(target m, source m, cover m // leadCoefficient m)) + +reduceMonomial = m -> if zero m then m else ( + map(target m, source m, cover m // leadMonomial m)) + +-- hacky things for CC +-- TODO: move to Core, also add conjugate Matrix, realPart, imaginaryPart, etc. +conjugate RingElement := x -> sum(listForm x, (e, c) -> conjugate c * (ring x)_e) +magnitude = x -> x * conjugate x +isZero = x -> if not instance(F := ultimate(coefficientRing, ring x), InexactField) then x == 0 else ( + leadCoefficient magnitude x < 2^(-precision F)) + +-- borrowed from Varieties as hack to get around +-- https://github.com/Macaulay2/M2/issues/3407 +flattenMorphism = f -> ( + g := presentation ring f; + S := ring g; + -- TODO: sometimes lifting to ring g is enough, how can we detect this? + -- TODO: why doesn't lift(f, ring g) do this automatically? + map(target f ** S, source f ** S, lift(cover f, S)) ** cokernel g) + +-- reduceCoefficient is a kludge to handle the case when h^2 = ah +isIdempotent = h -> reduceCoefficient(h^2) == reduceCoefficient h +isWeakIdempotent = h -> all(flatten entries flattenMorphism(reduceCoefficient(h^2) - reduceCoefficient h), isZero) +--isWeakIdempotent = h -> isZero det cover flattenMorphism(reduceCoefficient(h^2) - reduceCoefficient h) + +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +-- e.g. given a tower such as K[x][y]/I, returns K +-- TODO: use in localRandom? +groundField = method() +groundField Ring := R -> ultimate(K -> if isField K then K else coefficientRing K, R) + +potentialExtension = method() +potentialExtension Module := M -> extField {char generalEndomorphism M} +potentialExtension CoherentSheaf := M -> potentialExtension module M + +-- e.g. given a field isomorphic to GF(p,e), returns e +fieldExponent = R -> ( + L := groundField R; + (p, e) := (char L, 1); + if p == 0 then return e; + a := L_0; -- primitive element of L + while a^(p^e) != a do (e = e + 1); + e) + +-- finds the characteristic polynomial of a matrix mod the maximal ideal +char Matrix := A -> A.cache.char ??= ( + if numRows A != numColumns A then error "expected a square matrix"; + b := symbol b; + T := (groundField ring A)(monoid[b]); + B := sub(cover A, T); + I := id_(source B); + -- TODO: this is a major step in large examples + det(B - T_0 * I, Strategy => Bareiss)) + +eigenvalues' = A -> ( + Chi := char A; + F := groundField ring A; + if instance(F, InexactField) then roots Chi + else flatten rationalPoints ideal Chi) + +fieldElements = method() +fieldElements QuotientRing := ZZp -> apply(ZZp.order, i -> i_ZZp) +fieldElements GaloisField := GFq -> prepend_(0_GFq) apply(GFq.order - 1, i -> GFq_0^i) +fieldElements' = memoize fieldElements -- FIXME: don't cache globally + +-- dumb search over finite fields ... +eigenvalues'' = A -> ( + R := ring A; + p := char R; + F := groundField R; + I := id_(target A); + if p == 0 or not F.?order or F.order > 1000 then return eigenvalues' A; + select(fieldElements' F, e -> zero det(A - e * I))) + +largePower = (p,l,M) -> ( + if p^l < 2^30 then return M^(p^l); + --should have this line check for monomial size of ambient ring also + N := M; + for i from 1 to l do N = N^p; + N) + +-- TODO: use BinaryPowerMethod? +largePower' = (p,l,M) -> ( + if p^l < 2^30 then return M^(p^l-1); + --should have this line check for monomial size of ambient ring also + N := M; + (largePower(p,l-1,M))^(p-1) * largePower'(p,l-1,M)) + +lift(CC, CC_*) := opts -> (r, C) -> numeric(precision C, r) + +-- adjust as needed LOL +findErrorMargin = m -> ceiling(log_10 2^(precision ring m)) + +-- TODO: move to LocalRings? +residueField = method() +residueField Ring := R -> quotient ideal vars R +residueField LocalRing := R -> target R.residueMap + +residueMap' = method() +residueMap' Ring := R -> map(quotient ideal vars R, R, vars R % ideal vars R) +residueMap' LocalRing := R -> map(quotient ideal R.maxIdeal, R, vars baseRing R % R.maxIdeal) + +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-- findIdempotents +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +-- TODO: findIdem right now will fail if K is not L[a]/f(a); +-- in general, will need to find a primitive element first +findIdempotents = method(Options => DirectSummandsOptions) +findIdempotents CoherentSheaf := opts -> M -> findIdempotents(module M, opts) +findIdempotents Module := opts -> M -> ( + R := ring M; + p := char R; + F := groundField R; + e := fieldExponent R; + K := residueMap' R; + V := K ** M; + inexactFlag := instance(F, InexactField); + l := if p == 0 then e else max(e, ceiling log_p numgens M); + L := null; + -- this is used in generalEndomorphism + -- to avoid recomputing the Hom module + (pr, inc) := opts#"Splitting" ?? (id_M, id_M); + limit := opts.Limit ?? numgens M; + tries := opts.Tries ?? defaultNumTries p; + for c to tries - 1 do ( + f := generalEndomorphism(M, pr, inc); + fm := sub(K ** cover f, F); + if fm == 0 then continue; + -- if at most one eigenvalue is found the module is probably indecomposable, + -- unless the characteristic polynomial has odd degree, then one is enough. + eigen := eigenvalues'' fm; + -- we only want eigenvalues in F + eigen = nonnull apply(eigen, y -> try lift(y, F)); + if #eigen <= 1 then ( + -- to be used as a suggestion in the error + -- TODO: expand for inexact fields + if L === null and not inexactFlag then L = try extField { char fm }; + -- if char fm doesn't factor over F, or if it fully factors + -- but has only one eigenvalue, we can't find an idempotent + if #eigen == 1 and F === L + or #eigen == 0 then continue); + -- try to find idempotens from eigenvalues + isUsable := gm -> isWeakIdempotent gm and not isSurjective gm and gm != 0; + largePow := (j, g) -> largePower'(p, j+1, largePower(p, l, g)); + -- TODO: use limit here + idems := nonnull flatten for y in eigen list ( + if p > 0 then for j from 0 to e do ( + if isUsable largePow(j, fm - y*id_V) then break (j, f - y*id_M)) + else if isUsable(fm - y*id_V) then (1, f - y*id_M)); + idems = select(idems, (j, f) -> + prune' image f != 0 and prune' coker f != 0 and prune' image f != M); + if #idems == 0 then continue; + return apply(idems, (j, g) -> ( + idem := if p == 0 then g else largePow(j, g); + -- for inexact fields, we compose the idempotent until the determinant is zero + if inexactFlag then idem = idem ^ (findErrorMargin idem); + idem))); + -- TODO: skip the "Try using" line if the field is large enough, e.g. L === K + -- TODO: if L is still null, change the error + error("no idempotent found after ", tries, " attempts. ", + "Try using changeBaseField with ", toString L)) + +-- for backwards compatibility +findIdempotent = options findIdempotents >> opts -> M -> first findIdempotents(M, opts) + +protect Idempotents + +-- only tries to find an idempotent among the generators of End_0(M) +-- which is in general unlikely to be successful, but it often works! +-- returns a pair: (idempotent or null, whether M is certified indecomposable) +findBasicIdempotents = options findIdempotents >> opts -> M -> ( + M.cache.Idempotents ??= {}; + if 0 < #M.cache.Idempotents then return (M.cache.Idempotents, false); + R := ring M; + K := residueMap' R; + -- FIXME: this may not be correct + if instance(R, LocalRing) then ( + M = liftUp M; + K = residueMap' ring M); + B := gensEnd0 M; + -- whether all non-identity endomorphisms are zero mod m + -- if this remains true till the end, the module is + -- certifiably indecomposable. + certified := true; + -- TODO: searching over 10k generators for F_*(OO_X) + -- on Gr(2,4) even over ZZ/3 takes a very long time + -- TODO: parallelized this and break on first success + idemp := scan(numcols B, c -> ( + h := homomorphism B_{c}; + if zero h or h == id_M + or zero(hm := K ** cover h) then return; + certified = false; + if isWeakIdempotent hm then break h)); + if idemp =!= null then ( + if opts.Verbose then printerr "splitting summands using a basic idempotent"; + M.cache.Idempotents |= { idemp }); + (M.cache.Idempotents, certified)) + +-- this is essentially the Meat-Axe algorithm, +-- but the process for finding an idempotent for +-- a module over a polynomial ring makes it distinct. +summandsFromIdempotents = method(Options => options findIdempotents) +summandsFromIdempotents Module := opts -> M -> ( + if opts.Verbose then printerr "splitting summands using idempotents"; + if rank cover M <= 1 or prune' M == 0 then return {M}; + idems := try M.cache.Idempotents else {}; + if 0 == #idems then try + idems = findIdempotents(M, opts) else return {M}; + summandsFromIdempotents(M, idems, opts)) + +-- keep close to summandsFromProjectors +summandsFromIdempotents(Module, Matrix) := opts -> (M, h) -> summandsFromIdempotents(M, {h}, opts) +summandsFromIdempotents(Module, List) := opts -> (M, ends) -> ( + checkRecursionDepth(); + -- in some examples, we use barebones splitComponentsBasic + if opts.Strategy & 4 == 4 or not isHomogeneous M + then return splitComponentsBasic(M, ends, opts); + -- maps from kernel summands and to cokernel summands + injs := apply(ends, h -> inducedMap(M, ker h)); + projs := apply(ends, h -> inducedMap(coker h, M)); + -- composition of all endomorphisms is the complement + comp := product ends; + injs = append(injs, inducedMap(M, image comp)); + projs = append(projs, inducedMap(image comp, M, comp)); + -- assert(0 == intersect apply(ends, ker)); + -- assert(0 == intersect apply(injs, image)); + -- assert isIsomorphic(M, directSum apply(projs, target)); + -- this is the splitting (surjection, inclusion) of M to a module + -- whose degree zero endomorphisms have already been computed. + (pr0, inc0) := opts#"Splitting" ?? (id_M, id_M); + if opts.Verbose then printerr("splitting summands of ranks ", + toString apply(injs, i -> rank source i)); + c := -1; -- component counter + comps := for n to #ends list ( + (pr, inc) := (projs#n, injs#n); + (N0, K0) := (target pr, source inc); + if (N := prune' N0) == 0 then continue; + -- TODO: can we check if M has multiple copies of N quickly? + iso := try isomorphism(K0, N0); + p := inverse N.cache.pruningMap * pr; + i := try inc * iso * N.cache.pruningMap; + M.cache#(symbol ^, [c += 1]) = p; -- temporary + N.cache.components = summandsFromIdempotents(N, + opts, "Splitting" => (p * pr0, try inc0 * i)); + N); + --M.cache.Idempotents = apply(c, i -> M.cache#(symbol ^, [i])); + -- Finally, call a helper to add splitting maps + splitComponents(M, comps, components)) diff --git a/M2/Macaulay2/packages/DirectSummands/large-eigenvalue.m2 b/M2/Macaulay2/packages/DirectSummands/large-eigenvalue.m2 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..3ac0d42fdd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/M2/Macaulay2/packages/DirectSummands/large-eigenvalue.m2 @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +kk = ZZ/5 +R = kk[p_(0,1)..p_(0,2), p_(1,2), p_(0,3), p_(1,3), p_(2,3)]/(p_(1,2)*p_(0,3)-p_(0,2)*p_(1,3)+p_(0,1)*p_(2,3)) +tar = R^{256:{-2}} +src = R^{256:{-3}} +mat = 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+-- non-free summand of F_*(OO_X) on X = Gr(1,3) over F_5 +N = coker map(tar, src, mat); +-- about 3hrs to compute gensEnd0 N +-- after that, manually find one set of projectors in a few seconds, +-- split to get the rank 2 summands, then peel those off in a minute diff --git a/M2/Macaulay2/packages/DirectSummands/large-tests.m2 b/M2/Macaulay2/packages/DirectSummands/large-tests.m2 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..299775099ca --- /dev/null +++ b/M2/Macaulay2/packages/DirectSummands/large-tests.m2 @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +TEST /// + -- testing reduceScalar +-- restart + debug needsPackage "DirectSummands" + assert elapsedTime isIdempotent(2 * id_((ZZ/5[x])^500)) -- .03s + -- + R = (ZZ/3)[x,y,z,w]/(x^3*y+y^3*z+x*y*z*w+z^3*w+x*w^3) + m = map(subquotient(map(R^36,R^{{0}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-2}, {-2}, {-2}, {-2}, {-2}, {-2}, {-2}, {-2}, {-2}, {-2}, {-2}, {-2}, {-2}, {-2}, {-2}, {-2}, {-2}, {-2}, {-2}, {-2}, {-2}},{{1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, y*z, 0, w^2, x*w, y^2, z*w, x*w, 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0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, x*w, y*z, x*y, x^2+z*w, w^2, x*z}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, x*y, 0, z*w, w^2, y*w, y^2}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, y*z+w^2, z^2, y*w, x*w, x*y, z*w}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, y*w, x^2, y^2+x*w, x*y, z*w, y*z}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, z^2, x*z, x^2, y*z, 0, x*w}, {1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, z*w, x*w, y*z, x*z, y^2, x*y+z^2}})),{{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, z, 0, 0, 0, w, 0, 0, 0, 0, y, 0, z, z, 0, 0, 0, x, y, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, x, 0, 0, 0, 0, y, z, 0, w, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, w, y, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, w, z, 0, 0, 0, y, 0, 0, 0, x, z, w, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, w, 0, 0, 0, y, x, x, 0, w, z, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, w, x, 0, z, x, 0, 0, 0, y, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, x, z, z, 0, 0, 0, 0, x, 0, 0, 0, y, 0, 0, w, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}}); + assert not elapsedTime isIdempotent m -- 0.002 + assert elapsedTime isIdempotent(2 * id_(target m)) + -- FIXME: what were these tests for? + --assert try m == quotient(m, map(target m, cover target m, 1), Strategy => "Reflexive") else false + --quotient(m, map(target m, cover target m, 1), DegreeLimit => {0}) + --elapsedTime(m // 1); +/// + +/// + -- from David's email: reaches recursion limit overnight + needsPackage "DirectSummands" + kk = ZZ/101 + S = kk[x,y,z] + I = monomialIdeal(x^4,x*y,y^4,x*z,y^2*z,z^4) + R = S/I + F = res(coker vars R, LengthLimit => 5) + M = coker F.dd_5; + debugLevel = 1 + elapsedTime L5 = summands M; -- takes ~30min on Fields' server + assert(#L5 == 75); -- could be wrong + assert isIsomorphic(M, directSum L5) +/// + +/// + -- FIXME: why is this test so slow? + n = 3 + S = (ZZ/2)[x_0..x_(n-1)] + R = quotient (ideal vars S)^3 + F = res coker vars R + M = image F.dd_3 + summands M + summands(image F.dd_1, M) + -- TODO: have a flag to test for twists of input summands as well + summands({image F.dd_1, coker vars R}, M) +/// + +/// + restart + debug needsPackage "DirectSummands" + K = GF(9) + K = ZZ/7 + R = K[b] + f = random(R^95, R^95); + elapsedTime select(7, i -> 0 == det(f - i * id_(target f))) -- only 33s for 250x250 over ZZ/7 + elapsedTime select(K.order, i -> 0 == det(f - K_0^i * id_(target f))) -- only 33s for 250x250 over ZZ/7 + scan(20, n -> elapsedTime eigenvalues' random(R^(n+5), R^(n+5))); +/// diff --git a/M2/Macaulay2/packages/DirectSummands/pushforward2.m2 b/M2/Macaulay2/packages/DirectSummands/pushforward2.m2 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..cb986cac31a --- /dev/null +++ b/M2/Macaulay2/packages/DirectSummands/pushforward2.m2 @@ -0,0 +1,114 @@ +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-* Pushforwards of coherent sheaves *- +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +decomposePushforwardPresentation = method() +decomposePushforwardPresentation(List, Matrix) := (d, f) -> ( + if #d == 1 then decomposePushforwardPresentation(d#0, f) + else error "not implemented for multigraded maps") +decomposePushforwardPresentation(ZZ, Matrix) := (d, f) -> ( + if d <= 0 then error "expected positive degree"; + if d == 1 then return {f}; + tardegrees := degrees target f; + srcdegrees := degrees source f; + -- TODO: hypercube(n, 0, 0) gives an error, but it should return the origin + cube := flatten \ entries \ latticePoints hypercube(degreeLength ring f, 0, d - 1); + tarclasses := apply(cube, i -> positions(tardegrees, deg -> deg % d == i)); + srcclasses := apply(cube, i -> positions(srcdegrees, deg -> deg % d == i)); + -- sorts the degrees of source and column + tarclasses = apply(tarclasses, ell -> ell_(last \ sort \\ reverse \ toList pairs tardegrees_ell)); + srcclasses = apply(srcclasses, ell -> ell_(last \ sort \\ reverse \ toList pairs srcdegrees_ell)); + apply(tarclasses, srcclasses, (tarclass, srcclass) -> submatrix(f, tarclass, srcclass))) + +pushForward' = (f, M, opts) -> ( + if not isHomogeneous f + or not isHomogeneous M + then error "expected homogeneous inputs"; + M = cokernel presentation M; + M1 := M / ideal f.matrix; + M2 := subquotient(matrix basis M1, relations M); + cokernel pushNonLinear(opts, f, M2)) + +protect Pushforwards +pushForward(RingMap, SheafOfRings) := opts -> (f, O) -> ( + X := variety O; + X.cache.Pushforwards ??= new MutableHashTable; + X.cache.Pushforwards#f ??= pushForward(f, O^1, opts)) +pushForward(RingMap, CoherentSheaf) := opts -> (f, G) -> ( + G.cache.Pushforwards ??= new MutableHashTable )#f ??= ( + d := degree f(first gens source f); -- FIXME: this should be the degree of the map + if #d == 1 then d = d#0 else error "not implemented for multigraded maps"; + S := source f; + m0 := presentation pushForward'(f, module G, opts); + m1 := first decomposePushforwardPresentation(d, m0); + m2 := sub(m1, S); -- TODO: do better than sub? + (tardegs, srcdegs) := toSequence(-degrees m2 // d); + -- TODO: how long does this take? is it worth caching? + sheaf prune coker map(S^tardegs, S^srcdegs, m2)) + +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-- TODO: fix in Core +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +ordertab := new HashTable from { + Eliminate => (nR, nS) -> Eliminate nR, + ProductOrder => (nR, nS) -> ProductOrder{nR, nS}, + Lex => (nR, nS) -> Lex, + } + +pushNonLinear = (opts, f, M) -> ( + -- given f: R --> S, and M an S-module, finite over R, + -- returns R-presentation matrix for the pushforward of M + -- written by Mike Stillman and David Eisenbud + (R, S) := (target f, source f); + deglen := degreeLength S; + n1 := numgens R; -- TODO: what if R is a tower? + + monorder := opts.MonomialOrder; + monorder = if ordertab#?monorder then (ordertab#monorder)(numgens R, numgens S) + else error("pushForward: MonomialOrder option expected one of ", + demark_", " \\ toString \ keys ordertab); + + J := graphIdeal(f, MonomialOrder => monorder, VariableBaseName => local X); + G := ring J; + m := presentation M; + xvars := map(G, R, submatrix(vars G, toList(0..n1-1))); + m1 := presentation (cokernel xvars m ** cokernel generators J); + + if opts.UseHilbertFunction and all({f, m}, isHomogeneous) then ( + -- compare with kernel RingMap + hf := poincare cokernel m; + T := degreesRing G; + hf = hf * product(degrees source generators J, d -> 1 - T_d); + -- cache poincare + poincare cokernel m1 = hf); + + mapbackdeg := d -> take(d, -deglen); + -- that choice of degree map was chosen to make the symmetricPower functor homogeneous, but it doesn't have much + -- else to recommend it. + -- we should really be *lifting* the result to S along the natural map S ---> G + S' := newRing(S, Degrees => take(degrees G, n1 - numgens G)); + mapback := map(S', G, map(S'^1, S'^n1, 0) | vars S', DegreeMap => mapbackdeg ); + + -- let's at least check it splits f's degree map: + for i from 0 to numgens S - 1 do ( + e := degree S'_i; + if mapbackdeg f.cache.DegreeMap e =!= e + then error "not implemented yet: unexpected degree map of ring map"); + + g := gb(m1, + StopBeforeComputation => opts.StopBeforeComputation, + DegreeLimit => opts.DegreeLimit, + PairLimit => opts.PairLimit); + -- MES: check if the monomial order restricts to S. If so, then do `` forceGB result '' + mapback selectInSubring(if numgens target f > 0 then 1 else 0, generators g)) + +-- addHook((pushForward, RingMap, Module), Strategy => "DefaultFixed", +-- (opts, f, M) -> ( +-- if not isHomogeneous f +-- or not isHomogeneous M +-- then return null; +-- M = cokernel presentation M; +-- M1 := M / ideal f.matrix; +-- M2 := subquotient(matrix basis M1, relations M); +-- cokernel pushNonLinear(opts, f, M2))) diff --git a/M2/Macaulay2/packages/DirectSummands/tests.m2 b/M2/Macaulay2/packages/DirectSummands/tests.m2 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..4530508456e --- /dev/null +++ b/M2/Macaulay2/packages/DirectSummands/tests.m2 @@ -0,0 +1,316 @@ +/// +restart +debug needsPackage "DirectSummands" +errorDepth = 2 +/// + +TEST /// -- basic test + -- ~0.2s + S = QQ[x,y] + M = coker matrix{{1,0},{1,y}} + A = summands M + B = summands prune M + C = summands trim M + -- FIXME: this keeps annoyingly breaking + assert same(prune \ A, {prune M}, B, prune \ C) +/// + +TEST /// -- direct summands of a free module + -- ~1.1s + R = ZZ/2[x_0..x_5] + M = R^{100:-2,100:0,100:2} + A = summands M; + B = summands changeBaseField(2, M); + C = summands changeBaseField(4, M); + D = summands changeBaseField(GF 101, M); + E = summands changeBaseField(GF(2,2), M); + assert same(M, directSum A) + assert same apply({A, B, C, D, E}, length) +/// + +TEST /// -- direct summands of a multigraded free module + debug needsPackage "DirectSummands" + -- ~0.05s + R = QQ[x,y,z] ** QQ[a,b,c] + M = R^{{1, 0}, {1, -1}, {0, 0}, {-1, 0}} + assert same(M, directSum summands M) + assert same(M, directSum sort summandsFromProjectors M) + assert same(M, directSum sort summandsFromIdempotents M) +/// + +TEST /// -- direct summands of a ring + -- ~0.06s + S = ZZ/3[x,y,z] + R = ZZ/3[x,y,z,w]/(x^3+y^3+z^3+w^3) + f = map(R, S) + -- TODO: find a non-F-split example + M = pushForward(f, module R) + assert(summands M == {S^{0}, S^{-1}, S^{-2}}) +/// + +TEST /// -- direct summands of a finite dimensional algebra + R = ZZ/101[x]/x^3 + T = R/x + f = map(R, T) + -- FIXME: pushforward is wrong in this case + --assert(3 == #summands pushForward_f R^1) + --needsPackage "PushForward" + --assert(3 == #summands pushFwd_f R^1) + f = map(R, prune T) + assert(3 == #summands pushForward_f R^1) + f = map(R, ZZ/101) + assert(3 == #summands pushForward_f R^1) +/// + +TEST /// -- direct summands over field extensions + -- ~9s + R = (ZZ/7)[x,y,z]/(x^3+y^3+z^3); + X = Proj R; + M = module frobeniusPushforward(1, OO_X); + -* is smartBasis useful? yes! + elapsedTime A = End M; -- ~0.65s + elapsedTime B = basis({0}, A); -- ~0.23s + elapsedTime B = smartBasis({0}, A); -- ~0.03s + *- + -- if this test fails, check if "try findIdempotents M" if hiding any unexpected errors + -- FIXME: this is slow because random homomorphisms shouldn't be over the extended field + elapsedTime assert({1, 2, 2, 2} == rank \ summands M) -- 2.28s + elapsedTime assert({1, 2, 2, 2} == rank \ summands changeBaseField(GF 7, M)) -- 2.87s -> 2.05 + elapsedTime assert({1, 2, 2, 2} == rank \ summands changeBaseField(GF(7, 3), M)) -- 3.77s -> 2.6 + elapsedTime assert(toList(7:1) == rank \ summands changeBaseField(GF(7, 2), M)) -- 2.18s -> 0.47 +/// + +TEST /// + debug needsPackage "DirectSummands" + K = GF(7, 2) + R = K[x..z]/(x^3+y^3+z^3) + M = coker map(R^{6:{-1}}, R^{6:{-2}}, { + {(-a-2)*z, -2*y, (-a+1)*y, 0, x, (-2*a+1)*z}, + {(2*a+3)*y, 0, x, (a+2)*z, (3*a-3)*z, y}, + {x, (3*a-2)*z, (-a+2)*z, (-2*a+1)*y, (2*a-3)*y, 0}, + {(2*a-1)*z, (a+1)*y, (-3*a+1)*y, x, 0, (-2*a-1)*z}, + {(-a+3)*y, x, 0, (-2*a-2)*z, z, -3*a*y}, + {0, a*z, -2*z, (a-3)*y, (2*a-1)*y, x}}) + assert({1,1} == rank \ summandsFromProjectors M) + assert({1,1} == rank \ summandsFromIdempotents M) +/// + +TEST /// -- testing the local case + -- the structure is significantly altered by homogenizing modules + -- simpler example: nodal cubic in affine vs projective plane + debug needsPackage "DirectSummands" + k = ZZ/2 + -- D_4^1 singularity + R = k[x,y,z]/(x^2*y + x*y^2 + x*y*z + z^2) + M = frobeniusPushforward(1, R) + -- uses a basic idem + elapsedTime assert(toList(4:1) == rank \ summands M) -- ~2s + elapsedTime assert(toList(4:1) == rank \ summandsFromIdempotents M) -- ~0s + -- + k = ZZ/2 + R = k[x,y,z,h]/(x^2*y + x*y^2 + x*y*z + z^2*h) + M = frobeniusPushforward(1, R) + elapsedTime assert(toList(8:1) == rank \ summands M) -- <2s + --elapsedTime assert(toList(8:1) == rank \ summandsFromProjectors M) -- 6s + --elapsedTime assert(toList(8:1) == rank \ summandsFromIdempotents M) -- 10s + -- + k = ZZ/2 + R = k[x,y]/(x^2-y^3-y^2) + M = frobeniusPushforward(1, R) + elapsedTime assert({1,1} == rank \ summands M) -- 3s + -- + R = k[x,y,z]/(x^2*z-y^3-y^2*z) + M = frobeniusPushforward(1, R) + elapsedTime assert(toList(4:1) == rank \ summands M) -- <2s +/// + +TEST /// -- Grassmannian example + X = Proj quotient Grassmannian(1, 3, CoefficientRing => ZZ/3); + elapsedTime F = frobeniusPushforward(1, OO_X); -- <1s in char 2 & 3 + elapsedTime assert(splice{65:1, 8:2} == rank \ summands F) -- ~8s +/// + +TEST /// + -- ~1.1s + R = ZZ/32003[x,y,z]/(x^3, x^2*y, x*y^2, y^4, y^3*z) + C = res(coker vars R, LengthLimit => 3) + D = res(coker transpose C.dd_3, LengthLimit => 3) + M = coker D.dd_3 + elapsedTime L = summands M + assert(8 == #L) + assert all(L, isHomogeneous) + assert isIsomorphic(M, directSum L) + assert all(8, i -> same { M, target M_[i], source M^[i] } + and same { L#i, target M^[i], source M_[i] }) + --elapsedTime profile summands M; + --profileSummary "DirectSum" +/// + +TEST /// + -- ~1.7s + n = 4 + S = ZZ/32003[x_0..x_(n-1)] + I = trim minors_2 matrix { S_*_{0..n-2}, S_*_{1..n-1}} + R = quotient I + C = res coker vars R + M = prune image C.dd_3 + elapsedTime L = summands M + assert(6 == #L) + all(6, i -> isWellDefined M^[i] and isWellDefined M_[i] + and M^[i] * M_[i] == id_(L#i)) +/// + +TEST /// -- testing in char 0 + -- FIXME: + --S = ZZ[x,y]; + --assert(2 == #summands coker matrix "x,y;y,x") + S = QQ[x,y]; + assert(2 == #summands coker matrix "x,y; y,x") + assert(1 == #summands coker matrix "x,y;-y,x") + debug needsPackage "DirectSummands" + S = QQ[a,b,c,d]; + assert(3 == #summands coker matrix "a,b,c,d;d,a,b,c;c,d,a,b;b,c,d,a") + K = toField(QQ[i]/(i^2+1)); + S = K[x,y]; + assert(2 == #summands coker matrix "x,y; y,x") + assert(2 == #summands coker matrix "x,y;-y,x") + S = K[a,b,c,d]; + assert(4 == #summands coker matrix "a,b,c,d;d,a,b,c;c,d,a,b;b,c,d,a") + S = CC[x,y]; + -- FIXME scan(20, i -> assert(set summands coker matrix {{x,y},{-y,x}} == set {cokernel matrix {{x-ii*y}}, cokernel matrix {{x+ii*y}}})) +/// + +TEST /// -- testing inhomogeneous examples + debug needsPackage "DirectSummands" + S = GF(2,2)[x,y,z]; + -- homogeneous baseline, used as control + M = coker matrix matrix"x,y,z;y,z,x;z,x,y" + assert(3 == #summands M) + assert(3 == #summandsFromIdempotents M) + assert(3 == #summandsFromProjectors M) + assert isIsomorphic(directSum summands M, M, Tries => 10) + -- + -- TODO: this is locally zero, but can we diagonalize it? + M = coker matrix matrix"1,y,z;y,1,x;z,x,1" + assert(summands M == {M}) + assert(summandsFromIdempotents M == {M}) + R = S_(ideal vars S) + M = coker matrix matrix"1,y,z;y,1,x;z,x,1" + assert(summands M == {M}) + assert(summandsFromIdempotents M == {M}) + -- + S = QQ[x,y,z]; + M = coker matrix matrix"x,y,z;y,z,x;z,x,y" + assert(2 == #summands M) + assert(2 == #summandsFromProjectors M) + assert isIsomorphic(directSum summands M, M) + -- TODO: this is locally zero, but can we diagonalize it? + M = coker matrix matrix"1,y,z;y,1,x;z,x,1" + assert(summands M == {M}) + assert(summandsFromIdempotents M == {M}) +/// + +TEST /// + kk = ZZ/101 + S = kk[x,y,z] + P = Proj S + T = tangentSheaf P + R = S/(x*y-z^2) + M = module T ** R + -- the module doesn't split, but the sheaf does + assert(1 == length summands M) + assert(2 == length summands sheaf M) +/// + +TEST /// + debug needsPackage "DirectSummands" + K = ZZ/7 + R = K[x,y,z]/(x^3+y^3+z^3) + X = Proj R + -- + F1 = frobeniusPushforward(1, OO_X); + elapsedTime assert({1, 2, 2, 2} == rank \ summands F1) -- 2s + elapsedTime L1 = summands changeBaseField(2, F1); -- 5s + assert(toList(7:1) == rank \ L1) + -- + F2 = frobeniusPushforward(1, L1#1); + elapsedTime assert({7} == rank \ summands F2) -- 2s + L = potentialExtension F2 + elapsedTime L2 = summands changeBaseField(L, F2); -- projectors 14s, idempotents 85s->45s + assert(toList(7:1) == rank \ L2) + -- tests largepowers, but is very slow: + -- findIdempotents changeBaseField(L, F2) +/// + +TEST /// + debug needsPackage "DirectSummands" + kk = ZZ/13 + S = kk[x,y,z] + R = S/(x*z-y^2) + M = module frobeniusPushforward(1, OO_(Proj R)); + elapsedTime L = summands(M, Verbose => true); + elapsedTime assert({1,12} == last \ isomorphismTally L); + elapsedTime L = summands(S^3000, Verbose => true); + elapsedTime assert({3000} == last \ isomorphismTally L); + -- nonstandard graded case + kk = ZZ/11 + S = kk[x,y,z, Degrees => {5,1,5}] + R = S/(x*z-y^10) + M = module frobeniusPushforward(1, OO_(Proj R)); + elapsedTime L = summands(M, Verbose => true); + elapsedTime assert({1,2,2,2,2,2} == last \ isomorphismTally L); +/// + +TEST /// + kk = ZZ/13 + R = kk[x,y] + m = matrix {{x, 2*y}, {-y, x}} + assert(1 == # summands coker m) + assert(2 == # summands coker(m ++ m)) + assert(2 == # summands changeBaseField_2 coker m) + assert(4 == # summands changeBaseField_2 coker(m ++ m)) + -- + kk = ZZ/32003 + R = kk[x,y] + m = matrix {{x, y}, {-y, x}} + assert(1 == # summands coker m) + -- FIXME: this seems to almost always fail!!! + --assert(2 == # summands coker(m ++ m)) + assert(2 == # summands changeBaseField_2 coker m) + assert(4 == # summands changeBaseField_2 coker(m ++ m)) + end-- + findProjectors(coker(m ++ m), Tries => 100) + factor char generalEndomorphism(coker m ++ coker m) + eigenvalues'' generalEndomorphism(coker m ++ coker m) +/// + +/// + restart + errorDepth=2 + debug needsPackage "DirectSummands" + -- TODO: ARRGGAGGGHHHH GF is fucking up 'a' + R = ZZ/101[a,b, Degrees => {6,2}]/(a^2+b^6) + assert(2 == #summands coker matrix {{a, b^3}, {-b^3, a}}) + R = ZZ/32003[a,b, Degrees => {6,2}]/(a^2+b^6) + assert(1 == #summands coker matrix {{a, b^3}, {-b^3, a}}) + assert(2 == #summands changeBaseField(2, coker matrix {{a, b^3}, {-b^3, a}})) + R = ZZ/32003[a,b]/(a^2+b^6) + assert(1 == #summands coker matrix {{a, b^3}, {-b^3, a}}) + assert(2 == #summands changeBaseField(2, coker matrix {{a, b^3}, {-b^3, a}})) + R = GF(32003, 2)[a,b, Degrees => {6,2}]/(a^2+b^6) + assert(2 == #summands coker matrix {{a, b^3}, {-b^3, a}}) + + R = GF(32003, 2)[a,b]/(a^2+b^6) + assert(2 == #summands coker matrix {{a, b^3}, {-b^3, a}}) + + M = coker matrix {{a, b^3}, {-b^3, a}} + findIdempotents M + summands changeBaseField(2, M) +/// + +load "./large-tests.m2" + +end-- + +restart +elapsedTime check "DirectSummands" -- ~48s diff --git a/M2/Macaulay2/packages/DirectSummands/trivial-algorithm.m2 b/M2/Macaulay2/packages/DirectSummands/trivial-algorithm.m2 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..e5544693682 --- /dev/null +++ b/M2/Macaulay2/packages/DirectSummands/trivial-algorithm.m2 @@ -0,0 +1,158 @@ +needsPackage "RationalPoints2" +debug needsPackage "DirectSummands" + +List * Set := List => (x,y) -> select(x, i -> y#?i) + +idempotentsFromElimination = M -> ( + R := ring M; + F := groundField R; + B := gensEnd0 M; + -- TODO: can we reduce all to the residue field and solve there? + H := apply(numcols B, i -> homomorphism B_{i}) - set { id_M, 0 * id_M }; + T := R(monoid[Variables => #H]); + f := map(T, R); + A := sum(gens T, H, (g, h) -> g * (f ** h)); + I := trim ideal last coefficients(cover(A^2 - A), + Variables => first entries f(vars R)); + -- decompose I + T' := F(monoid T); + f' := map(T', T); + pts := rationalPoints f'(I); + -- if #pts == 2 then module is indecomposable + idems := apply(pts, pt -> sum(H, pt, times)) - set { id_M, 0 * id_M }; + G := mingens sum(idems, image @@ homomorphism'); + idems * set apply(numcols G, i -> homomorphism inducedMap(target B, , G_{i})) +) + +summandsFromElimination = M -> prune \ image \ idempotentsFromElimination M + +end-- +restart +needs "DirectSummands/elimination.m2" + +S = (ZZ/2)[x] +M = S^1 ++ S^1/(x^2) +elapsedTime summandsFromElimination M +elapsedTime summands M +idempotentsFromElimination M + +S = (ZZ/2)[x,y,z] +I = ideal(x^3+y^3+z^3) +R = S/I +X = Proj R +M = module frobeniusPushforward(1, R) +elapsedTime summandsFromElimination M -- faster +elapsedTime summands M + +S = (ZZ/5)[x,y,z,w] +I = ideal(x^3+y^3+z^3+w^3) +R = S/I +X = Proj R +M = module frobeniusPushforward(1, OO_X) +elapsedTime summandsFromElimination M -- doesn't finish +elapsedTime summands M + +K = QQ +R = K[a,b,c,d]; +M = coker matrix"a,b,c,d;d,a,b,c;c,d,a,b;b,c,d,a" +elapsedTime summandsFromElimination M -- doesn't work +elapsedTime summands M + +-- FIXME: rationalPoints doesn't work over this field +K = toField(QQ[i]/(i^2+1)); +S = K[x,y,z]; +M = coker matrix matrix"1,y,z;y,1,x;z,x,1" +elapsedTime summandsFromElimination M +elapsedTime summands M + + +--- initial attempt +-- TODO: delete + +T := R(monoid[]); +use source psi +A=sub(cover sum for i to numcols B - 1 list a_i * homomorphism B_(i-1), Ra) +J=trim ideal cover(A^2-A) +degree eliminate(apply(gens R,i->sub(i,ambient Ra)), sub(J,ambient Ra)+ideal(Ra)) +decompose J + +--- +ungraded case: +d = numgens End M0 +(Ra,psi) = flattenRing( R[a_1..a_d]) +M=M0**source psi +E=End M +use source psi +A=sub(cover sum for i from 1 to d list a_i * homomorphism E_(i-1),Ra) +J=trim ideal cover(A^2-A) +eliminate(apply(gens R,i->sub(i,ambient Ra)), sub(J,ambient Ra)+ideal(Ra)) +decompose (J+ideal(x,y,z)) + +---- +S=(ZZ/2)[x,y,z] +I=ideal(x^3+y^3+z^3) +R=S/I +X=Proj R +M0 = module frobeniusPushforward(1,R) +R=ring M0 +d = rank End sheaf M0 +(Ra,psi) = flattenRing( R[a_1..a_d]) +M=M0**source psi +B=smartBasis({0,0},End( M, DegreeLimit=>0)) +use source psi +A=sub(cover sum for i from 1 to rank source B list a_i * homomorphism B_(i-1),Ra) +J=trim ideal cover(A^2-A) +degree eliminate(apply(gens R,i->sub(i,ambient Ra)), sub(J,ambient Ra)+ideal(Ra)) +netList decompose J + +restart +debug needsPackage "DirectSummands" +needsPackage "RationalPoints2" + +S = (ZZ/2)[x] +M0 = S^1 ++ S^1/(x^2) +d = numcols basis(0, End M0) +(S', psi) = flattenRing( S[a_0..a_(d-1)]) +M = M0 ** source psi +B = smartBasis({0}, End( M0, DegreeLimit => 0)) + +A = sum(numcols B, i -> a_i * map(M ** S', M ** S', psi cover homomorphism B_i)) +J = trim ideal cover(A^2 - A) +netList decompose J +I = first decompose J +syz gens I + + + +S=(ZZ/5)[x,y,z,w] +I=ideal(x^3+y^3+z^3+w^3) +R=S/I +X=Proj R +M0 = module frobeniusPushforward(1,OO_X) +d = rank End sheaf M0 +(Ra,psi) = flattenRing( R[a_1..a_d]) +M=M0**source psi +B=smartBasis({0,0}, End(M, DegreeLimit=>0)) +use source psi +A=sub(cover sum for i from 1 to rank source B list a_i * homomorphism B_(i-1),Ra) +J=trim ideal cover(A^2-A) +use ambient Ra +degree eliminate(apply(gens R,i->sub(i,ambient Ra)), sub(J,ambient Ra)+ideal(Ra)) + +summands M0 + +K = QQ +R = K[a,b,c,d]; +M0=coker matrix"a,b,c,d;d,a,b,c;c,d,a,b;b,c,d,a" +r = rank source basis(0, End M0) +(Ra,psi) = flattenRing( R[aa_1..aa_r]) +M=M0**source psi +B=smartBasis({0,0},End( M, DegreeLimit=>0)) +use source psi +A=sub(cover sum for i from 1 to rank source B list aa_i * homomorphism B_(i-1),Ra) +J=trim ideal cover(A^2-A) +use ambient Ra +rationalPoints(sub(J,ambient Ra)+ideal Ra+ideal( apply(gens R,i->sub(i,ambient Ra)))) +decompose(J+ideal(x,y,z,w)) + +summands M0