# Why? * Because trading costs have an impact of the return of any strategy. * An important trading cost is the bid-ask spread. * The bid-ask spread is not generally available from quote providers. * Therefore they need to be estimated. # Condition of satisfaction * quote services are able to include an estimation of the bid-ask spread while loading the data. * Big-ask spread is used in all order simulations. * Use the Farshid Abdi, Angelo Ranaldo 2017 paper: * _A Simple Estimation of Bid-Ask Spreads from Daily Close, High, and Low Prices_ * https://academic.oup.com/rfs/article/30/12/4437/4047344