ci: run cppcheck, cpplint, doxygen on noble

[scpeters]

🦟 Bug fix

Part of gazebo-tooling/release-tools#1222

Summary

Jammy isn't officially supported for Ionic, so move linters to use Noble, starting with cppcheck and cpplint.

Checklist

• Signed all commits for DCO
• Added tests
• Updated documentation (as needed)
• Updated migration guide (as needed)
• Consider updating Python bindings (if the library has them)
• codecheck passed (See contributing)
• All tests passed (See test coverage)
• While waiting for a review on your PR, please help review another open pull request to support the maintainers

Note to maintainers: Remember to use Squash-Merge and edit the commit message to match the pull request summary while retaining Signed-off-by messages.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 98.72%. Comparing base (4c0ba4b) to head (71463ab).
Report is 4 commits behind head on gz-plugin3.

Additional details and impacted files

@@             Coverage Diff             @@
##           gz-plugin3     #172   +/-   ##
===========================================
  Coverage       98.72%   98.72%           
===========================================
  Files              23       23           
  Lines             785      785           
===========================================
  Hits              775      775           
  Misses             10       10           

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